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Appendix C - Regulatory Information

Systems Network Architecture (SNA): The description of the logical structure, formats, protocols, and operational

sequences for transmitting information units through, and controlling the configuration and operation of networks.

Tariff: The rate/availability schedule for telephone and ISDN services from a regulated service provider.

TCP/IP: A set of communication protocols that support peer-to-peer connectivity functions for both local and wide area

networks.

T Carrier: The generic name for a digitally multiplexed carrier system. In the North American digital hierarchy, a T is

used to designate a DS (digital signal) level hierarchy. Examples: T1 (DS1) is a 1.544 M bps 24-channel designation.

In Europe, T1 is called E1. The T Carrier system was originally designed for transmitting digitized voice signals, but

has since been adapted for digital data applications.

T1: A digital transmission link capable of 1.544M bps. T1 uses two pairs of normal UTP, and can handle 24 voice

conversations, each digitized at 64K bps. T1 is a standard for digital transmission in the U.S., Canada, Japan and

Hong Kong. T1 is the access method for high-speed services such as ATM, frame relay, and SMDS. See also T

Carrier, T1 line and FT1.

T1 Channel Tests: A set of diagnostics that vary by carrier, used to verify a T1 channel operation. Can include Tone,

Noise Level, Impulse Noise Level, Echo Cancelers, Gain, and Crosstalk testing.

T1 Framing: To digitize and encode analog voice signals requires 8000 samples per second (twice the highest voice

frequency of 4000 Hz). Encoding in an 8-bit word provides the basic T1 block of 64K bps for voice transmission. This

“Level 0 Signal, as its called, is represented by “DS-0”, or Digital Signal at Level 0. 24 of these voice channels are

combined into a serial bit stream (using TDM), on a frame-by-frame basis. A frame is a sample of all 24 channels; so

adding in a framing bit gives a block of 193 bits (24x8+1=193). Frames are transmitted at 8000 per second (the

required sample rate), creating a 1.544M (8000x193=1.544M) transmission rate.

T1 Line: A digital communications facility that functions as a 24-channel pathway for data or voice transmission. A T1

line is composed of two separate elements: the Access element and the Long Haul element.

T1 Mux: A device used to carry many sources of data on a T1 line. The T1 mux assigns each data source to distinct

DS0 time slots within the T1 signal. Wide bandwidth signals take more than one time slot. Normal voice traffic or 56/

64K bps data channels take one time slot. The T1 mux may use an internal or external T1 DSU; a “channel bank”

device typically uses an external T1 CSU.

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Program (TCP/IP): A multi-layer set of protocols developed by the US

Department of Defense to link dissimilar computers across dissimilar and unreliable LANs.

Terminal: The screen and keyboard device used in a mainframe environment for interactive data entry. Terminals have

no “box”, which is to say they have no file storage or processing capabilities.

Terminal Adapter (TA): An ISDN DTE device for connecting a non-ISDN terminal device to the ISDN network. Similar

to a protocol converter or an interface converter, a TA connects a non-ISDN device between the R and S interfaces.

Typically a PC card.

Tie line: A dedicated circuit linking two points without having to dial a phone number (i.e., the line may be accessed by

lifting the telephone handset or by pushing a button).

Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM): Division of a transmission facility into two or more channels by allotting the

common channel to several different information channels, one at a time.

Time Slot: One of 24 channels within a T1 line. Each channel has a 64K bps maximum bandwidth. “Time slot” implies

the time division multiplexing organization of the T1 signal.

Toll Call: A call to a location outside of your local service area (i.e., a long distance call).

Tone dialing: One of two methods of dialing a telephone, usually associated with Touch-Tone® (push button) phones.

Compare with pulse dialing.

Topology: Physical layout of network components (cables, stations, gateways, and hubs). Three basic interconnection

topologies are star, ring, and bus networks.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): A communications protocol used in Internet and in any network that follows

the US Department of Defense standards for internetwork protocol. TCP provides a reliable host-to-host protocol

between hosts in packet-switched communications networks and in interconnected systems of such networks. It

assumes that the Internet protocol is the underlying protocol.

Transport Layer: Layer 4 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model; provides reliable, end-to-end delivery of

data, and detects transmission sequential errors.

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