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Glossary

MTPSR1-202ST

Handshaking: A process that two modems go through at the time of call setup to establish synchro-

nization over the data communications link. It is a synchronization and negotiation process accom-

plished by the exchange of predefined, mutually recognized control codes.

High-level Data Link Control (HDLC): An ISO standard, bit-oriented data communications protocol

that provides nearly error-free data transfers.

Hexadecimal: A base 16 numbering system used to represent binary values. Hex uses the numbers

0-9 and the letters A-F: usually notated by an “h” (e.g., “4CF h”, read “four charley fox, hex”). The

result is that one hex digit represents a 4-bit value.

Implicit congestion management: A method of informing the terminal that the network is busy. This

method relies on the end-system protocol to detect and fix the congestion problem. (TCP/IP is an

example of a protocol using only implicit congestion management.) See also “explicit congestion

management”.

In-band: Refers to the type of signalling over the conversion path on an ISDN call. Contrast “out-of-

band”.

Insufficient Ones: A T1 error condition that is logged when less than one 1 in 16 0s or less than 12.5

% average 1s density is received.

Inter Exchange Carrier (IEC): The long distance company (LE) who’s central office provides the

point of reference for T1 access. Any common carrier authorized by the FCC to carry customer

transmissions between LATAs.

Internet: Refers to the computer network of many millions of university, government and private

users around the world. Each user has a unique Internet Address.

Internet Address (IP Address): A unique 32-bit address for a specific TCP/IP host on a network.

Normally printed in dotted decimal format (e.g., 129.128.44.227).

Internet Protocol (IP): A protocol used to route data from its source to its destination in an Internet

environment. The Internet Protocol was designed to connect local area networks. Although there are

many protocols that do this, IP refers to the global system of interconnecting computers. It is a highly

distributed protocol (each machine only worries about sending data to the next step in the route).

Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX): A NetWare communications protocol used to route messages

from one node to another. IPX packets include network addresses and can be routed from one

network to another. An IPX packet can occasionally get lost when crossing networks, thus IPX does

not guarantee delivery of a complete message. Either the application has to provide that control, or

NetWare’s SPX protocol must be used.

Interoperable: Devices from different vendors that can exchange information using a standard’s

base protocol.

I/O Addresses: Locations within the I/O address space of your computer used by a device, such as

an expansion card, a serial port, or an internal modem. The address is used for communication

between software and a device.

IRQ Level (Interrupt Request Level): The notification a processor receives when another portion of

the computer’s hardware requires its attention. IRQs are numbered so that the device issuing the

IRQ can be identified, and so IRQs can be prioritized.

ISA (Industry Standards Architecture) (pronounced “ice a”): The classic 8 or 16-bit architecture

introduced with IBM’s PC-AT computer.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): An International telecommunications standard for

transmitting voice, video and data over a digital communications line. ISDN is a worldwide telecom-

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